Author DM Celley

October 2023

HOW PRIVATEERING AIDED THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

At no time during the American Revolution were the American Colonies able to match the British Royal Navy at sea.  However, with only a modest navy the Continental Congress resorted to commissioning private citizens to arm vessels and attack British shipping for profit.  The results put a positive tilt on the war in the American

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PAX ROMANA—ANCIENT ROME’S GREATEST ERA OF PROSPERITY

In September of 31 BC, Octavian defeated the naval forces of Mark Antony and Cleopatra at the Battle of Actium.  Shortly thereafter he became Caesar Augustus, the first Roman Emperor.  For the next 211 years the Roman Empire enjoyed an unprecedented period of peace and prosperity that became known as Pax Romana.  It encompassed the

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